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Get a Random Number

This guide explains how to get random values using a simple contract to request and receive random values from Chainlink VRF v2. For more advanced examples with programmatic subscription configuration, see the Programmatic Subscription page. To explore more applications of VRF, refer to our blog.

Requirements

This guide assumes that you know how to create and deploy smart contracts on Ethereum testnets using the following tools:

If you are new to developing smart contracts on Ethereum, see the Getting Started guide to learn the basics.

Create and fund a subscription

For this example, create a new subscription on the Sepolia testnet.

  1. Open MetaMask and set it to use the Sepolia testnet. The Subscription Manager detects your network based on the active network in MetaMask.

  2. Check MetaMask to make sure you have testnet ETH and LINK on Sepolia. You can get testnet ETH and LINK at faucets.chain.link.

  3. Open the Subscription Manager at vrf.chain.link.

    Open the Subscription Manager

  4. Click Create Subscription and follow the instructions to create a new subscription account. If you connect your wallet to the Subscription Manager, the Admin address for your subscription is prefilled and not editable. Optionally, you can enter an email address and a project name for your subscription, and both of these are private. MetaMask opens and asks you to confirm payment to create the account on-chain. After you approve the transaction, the network confirms the creation of your subscription account on-chain.

  5. After the subscription is created, click Add funds and follow the instructions to fund your subscription.

    • For your request to go through, you need to fund your subscription with enough LINK to meet your minimum subscription balance to serve as a buffer against gas volatility. For this example, a balance of 12 LINK is sufficient. (After your request is processed, it costs around 3 LINK, and that amount will be deducted from your subscription balance.)
    • MetaMask opens to confirm the LINK transfer to your subscription. After you approve the transaction, the network confirms the transfer of your LINK token to your subscription account.

  6. After you add funds, click Add consumer. A page opens with your account details and subscription ID.

  7. Record your subscription ID, which you need for your consuming contract. You will add the consuming contract to your subscription later.

You can always find your subscription IDs, balances, and consumers at vrf.chain.link.

Now that you have a funded subscription account and your subscription ID, create and deploy a VRF v2 compatible contract.

Create and deploy a VRF v2 compatible contract

For this example, use the VRFv2Consumer.sol sample contract. This contract imports the following dependencies:

  • VRFConsumerBaseV2.sol(link)
  • VRFCoordinatorV2Interface.sol(link)
  • ConfirmedOwner.sol(link)

The contract also includes pre-configured values for the necessary request parameters such as vrfCoordinator address, gas lane keyHash, callbackGasLimit, requestConfirmations and number of random words numWords. You can change these parameters if you want to experiment on different testnets, but for this example you only need to specify subscriptionId when you deploy the contract.

Build and deploy the contract on Sepolia.

  1. Open the VRFv2Consumer.sol contract in Remix.

    Open in Remix What is Remix?

  2. On the Compile tab in Remix, compile the VRFv2Consumer.sol contract.

  3. Configure your deployment. On the Deploy tab in Remix, select the Injected Provider environment, select the VRFv2Consumer contract from the contract list, and specify your subscriptionId so the constructor can set it.

    Example showing the deploy button with the subscriptionID field filled in Remix

  4. Click the Deploy button to deploy your contract on-chain. MetaMask opens and asks you to confirm the transaction.

  5. After you deploy your contract, copy the address from the Deployed Contracts list in Remix. Before you can request randomness from VRF v2, you must add this address as an approved consuming contract on your subscription account.

    Example showing the contract address listed under the Contracts list in Remix

  6. Open the Subscription Manager at vrf.chain.link and click the ID of your new subscription under the My Subscriptions list. The subscription details page opens.

  7. Under the Consumers section, click Add consumer.

  8. Enter the address of your consuming contract that you just deployed and click Add consumer. MetaMask opens and asks you to confirm the transaction.

Your example contract is deployed and approved to use your subscription balance to pay for VRF v2 requests. Next, request random values from Chainlink VRF.

Request random values

The deployed contract requests random values from Chainlink VRF, receives those values, builds a struct RequestStatus containing them and stores the struct in a mapping s_requests. Run the requestRandomWords() function on your contract to start the request.

  1. Return to Remix and view your deployed contract functions in the Deployed Contracts list.

  2. Click the requestRandomWords() function to send the request for random values to Chainlink VRF. MetaMask opens and asks you to confirm the transaction. After you approve the transaction, Chainlink VRF processes your request. Chainlink VRF fulfills the request and returns the random values to your contract in a callback to the fulfillRandomWords() function. At this point, a new key requestId is added to the mapping s_requests.

    Depending on current testnet conditions, it might take a few minutes for the callback to return the requested random values to your contract. You can see a list of pending requests for your subscription ID at vrf.chain.link.

  3. To fetch the request ID of your request, call lastRequestId().

  4. After the oracle returns the random values to your contract, the mapping s_requests is updated: The received random values are stored in s_requests[_requestId].randomWords.

  5. Call getRequestStatus() specifying the requestId to display the random words.

You deployed a simple contract that can request and receive random values from Chainlink VRF. To see more advanced examples where the contract can complete the entire process including subscription setup and management, see the Programmatic Subscription page.

Analyzing the contract

In this example, your MetaMask wallet is the subscription owner and you created a consuming contract to use that subscription. The consuming contract uses static configuration parameters.

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// An example of a consumer contract that relies on a subscription for funding.
pragma solidity ^0.8.7;

import "@chainlink/contracts/src/v0.8/interfaces/VRFCoordinatorV2Interface.sol";
import "@chainlink/contracts/src/v0.8/vrf/VRFConsumerBaseV2.sol";
import "@chainlink/contracts/src/v0.8/shared/access/ConfirmedOwner.sol";

/**
 * Request testnet LINK and ETH here: https://faucets.chain.link/
 * Find information on LINK Token Contracts and get the latest ETH and LINK faucets here: https://docs.chain.link/docs/link-token-contracts/
 */

/**
 * THIS IS AN EXAMPLE CONTRACT THAT USES HARDCODED VALUES FOR CLARITY.
 * THIS IS AN EXAMPLE CONTRACT THAT USES UN-AUDITED CODE.
 * DO NOT USE THIS CODE IN PRODUCTION.
 */

contract VRFv2Consumer is VRFConsumerBaseV2, ConfirmedOwner {
    event RequestSent(uint256 requestId, uint32 numWords);
    event RequestFulfilled(uint256 requestId, uint256[] randomWords);

    struct RequestStatus {
        bool fulfilled; // whether the request has been successfully fulfilled
        bool exists; // whether a requestId exists
        uint256[] randomWords;
    }
    mapping(uint256 => RequestStatus)
        public s_requests; /* requestId --> requestStatus */
    VRFCoordinatorV2Interface COORDINATOR;

    // Your subscription ID.
    uint64 s_subscriptionId;

    // past requests Id.
    uint256[] public requestIds;
    uint256 public lastRequestId;

    // The gas lane to use, which specifies the maximum gas price to bump to.
    // For a list of available gas lanes on each network,
    // see https://docs.chain.link/docs/vrf/v2/subscription/supported-networks/#configurations
    bytes32 keyHash =
        0x474e34a077df58807dbe9c96d3c009b23b3c6d0cce433e59bbf5b34f823bc56c;

    // Depends on the number of requested values that you want sent to the
    // fulfillRandomWords() function. Storing each word costs about 20,000 gas,
    // so 100,000 is a safe default for this example contract. Test and adjust
    // this limit based on the network that you select, the size of the request,
    // and the processing of the callback request in the fulfillRandomWords()
    // function.
    uint32 callbackGasLimit = 100000;

    // The default is 3, but you can set this higher.
    uint16 requestConfirmations = 3;

    // For this example, retrieve 2 random values in one request.
    // Cannot exceed VRFCoordinatorV2.MAX_NUM_WORDS.
    uint32 numWords = 2;

    /**
     * HARDCODED FOR SEPOLIA
     * COORDINATOR: 0x8103B0A8A00be2DDC778e6e7eaa21791Cd364625
     */
    constructor(
        uint64 subscriptionId
    )
        VRFConsumerBaseV2(0x8103B0A8A00be2DDC778e6e7eaa21791Cd364625)
        ConfirmedOwner(msg.sender)
    {
        COORDINATOR = VRFCoordinatorV2Interface(
            0x8103B0A8A00be2DDC778e6e7eaa21791Cd364625
        );
        s_subscriptionId = subscriptionId;
    }

    // Assumes the subscription is funded sufficiently.
    function requestRandomWords()
        external
        onlyOwner
        returns (uint256 requestId)
    {
        // Will revert if subscription is not set and funded.
        requestId = COORDINATOR.requestRandomWords(
            keyHash,
            s_subscriptionId,
            requestConfirmations,
            callbackGasLimit,
            numWords
        );
        s_requests[requestId] = RequestStatus({
            randomWords: new uint256[](0),
            exists: true,
            fulfilled: false
        });
        requestIds.push(requestId);
        lastRequestId = requestId;
        emit RequestSent(requestId, numWords);
        return requestId;
    }

    function fulfillRandomWords(
        uint256 _requestId,
        uint256[] memory _randomWords
    ) internal override {
        require(s_requests[_requestId].exists, "request not found");
        s_requests[_requestId].fulfilled = true;
        s_requests[_requestId].randomWords = _randomWords;
        emit RequestFulfilled(_requestId, _randomWords);
    }

    function getRequestStatus(
        uint256 _requestId
    ) external view returns (bool fulfilled, uint256[] memory randomWords) {
        require(s_requests[_requestId].exists, "request not found");
        RequestStatus memory request = s_requests[_requestId];
        return (request.fulfilled, request.randomWords);
    }
}
Open in Remix What is Remix?

The parameters define how your requests will be processed. You can find the values for your network in the Configuration page.

  • uint64 s_subscriptionId: The subscription ID that this contract uses for funding requests.

  • bytes32 keyHash: The gas lane key hash value, which is the maximum gas price you are willing to pay for a request in wei. It functions as an ID of the off-chain VRF job that runs in response to requests.

  • uint32 callbackGasLimit: The limit for how much gas to use for the callback request to your contract's fulfillRandomWords() function. It must be less than the maxGasLimit limit on the coordinator contract. Adjust this value for larger requests depending on how your fulfillRandomWords() function processes and stores the received random values. If your callbackGasLimit is not sufficient, the callback will fail and your subscription is still charged for the work done to generate your requested random values.

  • uint16 requestConfirmations: How many confirmations the Chainlink node should wait before responding. The longer the node waits, the more secure the random value is. It must be greater than the minimumRequestBlockConfirmations limit on the coordinator contract.

  • uint32 numWords: How many random values to request. If you can use several random values in a single callback, you can reduce the amount of gas that you spend per random value. The total cost of the callback request depends on how your fulfillRandomWords() function processes and stores the received random values, so adjust your callbackGasLimit accordingly.

The contract includes the following functions:

  • requestRandomWords(): Takes your specified parameters and submits the request to the VRF coordinator contract.

  • fulfillRandomWords(): Receives random values and stores them with your contract.

  • getRequestStatus(): Retrive request details for a given _requestId.

Clean up

After you are done with this contract and the subscription, you can retrieve the remaining testnet LINK to use with other examples.

  1. Open the Subscription Manager at vrf.chain.link and click the ID of your new subscription under the My Subscriptions list. The subscription details page opens.

  2. On your subscription details page, expand the Actions menu and select Cancel subscription. A field displays, prompting you to add the wallet address you want to send the remaining funds to.

  3. Enter your wallet address and click Cancel subscription. MetaMask opens and asks you to confirm the transaction. After you approve the transaction, Chainlink VRF closes your subscription account and sends the remaining LINK to your wallet.

Vyper example

You must import the VRFCoordinatorV2 Vyper interface. You can find it here. You can find a VRFConsumerV2 example here. Read the apeworx-starter-kit README to learn how to run the example.

What's next

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